Nucleic acids encoding inactive variants of human telomerase

ABSTRACT

The invention provides compositions and methods related to human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT), the catalytic protein subunit of human telomerase. Catalytically inactive variants comprising deletions or other mutations are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.11/504,402, filed Aug. 14, 2006 which is a Divisional of U.S.application Ser. No. 09/990,080, filed Nov. 21, 2001 (now U.S. Pat. No.7,091,021); which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.09/128,354, filed Aug. 3, 1998 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,200); which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/052,864, filed Mar.31, 1998 (abandoned).

The aforelisted priority applications are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entirety, as are the following: U.S. patentapplication Ser. Nos. 08/851,843; 08/854,050; 08/911,312; 08/912,951;08/915,503; 08/974,549; and 08/974,584; and International PatentPublications WO 98/14592 and WO 98/14593.

BACKGROUND

The following discussion is intended to introduce the field of thepresent invention to the reader. The citation of various references inthis section should not be construed as an admission of prior invention.

It has long been recognized that complete replication of the ends ofeukaryotic chromosomes requires specialized cell components (Watson,1972, Nature New Biol., 239:197; Olovnikov, 1973, J. Theor. Biol.,41:181). Replication of a linear DNA strand by conventional DNApolymerase requires an RNA primer, and can proceed only 5′ to 3′. Whenthe RNA bound at the extreme 5′ ends of eukaryotic chromosomal DNAstrands is removed, a gap is introduced, leading to a progressiveshortening of daughter strands with each round of replication. Thisshortening of telomeres, the protein-DNA structures physically locatedon the ends of chromosomes, is thought to account for the phenomenon ofcellular senescence or aging of normal human somatic cells in vitro andin vivo. The maintenance of telomeres is a function of atelomere-specific DNA polymerase known as telomerase. Telomerase is aribonucleoprotein (RNP) that uses a portion of its RNA moiety as atemplate for telomeric DNA synthesis (Morin, 1997, Eur. J. Cancer33:750). The length and integrity of telomeres and the telomeraseexpression status of a cell is thus related to entry of a cell into asenescent stage (i.e., loss of proliferative capacity), or the abilityof a cell to escape senescence, i.e., to become immortal.

Consistent with the relationship of telomeres and telomerase to theproliferative capacity of a cell (i.e., the ability of the cell todivide indefinitely), telomerase activity is detected in immortal celllines and an extraordinarily diverse set of tumor tissues, but is notdetected (i.e., was absent or below the assay threshold) in normalsomatic cell cultures or normal tissues adjacent to a tumor (see, U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,629,154; 5,489,508; 5,648,215; and 5,639,613; see also,Morin, 1989, Cell 59: 521; Shay and Bacchetti 1997, Eur. J. Cancer33:787; Kim et al., 1994, Science 266:2011; Counter et al., 1992, EMBOJ. 11:1921; Counter et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91,2900; Counter et al., 1994, J. Virol. 68:3410). Moreover, a correlationbetween the level of telomerase activity in a tumor and the likelyclinical outcome of the patient has been reported (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,639,613, supra; Langford et al., 1997, Hum. Pathol. 28:416). Thus,human telomerase is an ideal target for diagnosing and treating humandiseases relating to cellular proliferation and senescence, such ascancer, or for increasing the proliferative capacity of a cell.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the invention provides an isolated or recombinant hTRTpolypeptide that has telomerase catalytic activity. In one embodiment,the hTRT polypeptide has a deletion of at least 25 residues in theregions corresponding to residues 192-323, 200-323, 192-271, 200-271,222-240, 415-450, 192-323 and 415-450, or 192-271 and 415-450 of hTRT.In a related embodiment, residues 192-323, 200-323, 192-271, 200-271,222-240, 415-450, 192-323 and 415-450, or 192-271 and 415-450 of hTRTare deleted. The invention also provides a polynucleotide comprising anucleotide sequence encoding these hTRT polypeptides. In someembodiments, the polynucleotide includes a promoter sequence operablylinked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the hTRT polypeptide.

The invention also provides a method of preparing recombinant telomeraseby contacting a recombinant hTRT polypeptide containing a deletion asdescribed supra with a telomerase RNA component under conditions suchthat the recombinant protein and the telomerase RNA component associateto form a telomerase enzyme capable of catalyzing the addition ofnucleotides to a telomerase substrate. The hTRT polypeptide may beproduced in an in vitro expression system and/or may be purified beforethe contacting step. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs in acell.

The invention further provides a method for increasing the proliferativecapacity of a vertebrate cell by introducing into a cell the recombinanthTRT polynucleotide encoding an hTRT deletion variant described supra.In a related embodiment, the invention provides a cell, such as a humancell or other mammalian cell, comprising a nucleotide sequence thatencodes the hTRT deletion variant polypeptide. The invention providessuch cells that have an increased proliferative capacity relative to acell that is otherwise identical but does not comprise the recombinantpolynucleotide.

In a different aspect of the invention, an isolated or recombinant hTRTpolypeptide that has a deletion of amino acid residues 192-450, 560-565,637-660, 638-660, 748-766, 74B-784, or 1055-1071, where the residuenumbering is with reference to the hTRT polypeptide having the sequenceprovided in FIG. 1, is provided. In one embodiment, the hTRT proteinfragment has at least 6 amino acid residues. In other embodiments, thehTRT protein fragment has at least 8, at least about 10, at least about12, at least about 15, or at least about 20 contiguous amino acidresidues of a naturally occurring hTRT polypeptide. In still otherembodiments, the hTRT protein fragment has at least about 50 or at leastabout 100 amino acid residues. In a related aspect, the inventionprovides an isolated, recombinant, or substantially purifiedpolynucleotide encoding this polypeptide, which in some embodimentsincludes a promoter sequence operably linked to the nucleotide sequenceencoding the hTRT polypeptide.

The invention also provides a method of reducing telomerase activity ina cell by introducing the polynucleotide described supra (i.e., having adeletion of amino acid residues 192-450, 560-565, 637-660, 638-660,748-766, 748-764, or 1055-1071) into a cell under conditions in which itis expressed.

In a related embodiment, the hTRT polypeptide has one or more mutationsother than, or in addition to, a deletion of at least 25 residues in theregions corresponding to residues 192-323, 200-323, 192-271, 200-271,222-240, 415-450, 192-323 and 415-450, or 192-271 and 415-450 of hTRT.

DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequence of a 1132-residue human telomerasereverse transcriptase (hTRT) protein (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 2 shows the nucleotide sequence of a naturally occurring cDNAencoding the hTRT protein (SEQ ID NO:1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Introduction

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) comprising an RNAcomponent and a catalytic protein component. The catalytic proteincomponent of human telomerase, hereinafter referred to as telomerasereverse transcriptase (“hTRT”), has been cloned, and protein, cDNA andgenomic sequences determined. See, e.g., Nakamura et al., 1997, Science277:955, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178, The sequence of afull-length native hTRT has been deposited in GenBank (Accession No.AF015950), and plasmid and phage vectors having hTRT coding sequenceshave been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection,Rockville, Md. (accession numbers 209024, 209016, and 98505). Thecatalytic subunit protein of human telomerase has also been referred toas “hEST2” (Meyerson et al., 1997, Cell 90:785), “hTCS1” (Kilian et al.,1997, Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:2011), “TP2” (Harrington et al., 1997, GenesDev. 11:3109), and “hTERT” (e.g., Greider, 1998, Curr. Biol8:R178-R181). Human TRT is also described in the aforereferencedpriority applications and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 08/846,017,08/844,419, and 08/724,643. The RNA component of human telomerase (hTR)has also been characterized (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,016). All of theaforementioned applications and publications are incorporated byreference herein in their entirety and for all purposes.

Human TRT is of extraordinary interest and value because, inter alia,telomerase activity in human cells and other mammalian cells correlateswith cell proliferative capacity, cell immortality, and the developmentof a neoplastic phenotype. Thus, hTRT polypeptides, including the hTRTvariants described herein, and polynucleotides encoding hTRTpolypeptides, are used, inter alia, for conferring a telomerase activity(e.g., telomerase catalytic activity, infra) in a telomerase-negativecell such as a cell from a human, a mammal, a vertebrate, or othereukaryote (see, e.g., Bodnar et al., 1998, Science 279:349 and U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178). Variants that lack at least one hTRTactivity (e.g., telomerase catalytic activity) are used, inter alia, toinhibit telomerase activity in a cell (e.g., by acting as “dominantnegative mutants”). The hTRT variants and polynucleotides encoding them,as described herein, are similarly useful in screening assays foridentifying agents that modulate telomerase activity.

The hTRT variants of the present invention are characterized by one ormore deletions or mutations, relative to a naturally occurring hTRTpolypeptide, in defined regions of the protein, as described in detailinfra. These hTRT variants may have none, one, or several of thebiological activities that may be found in naturally occurringfull-length hTRT proteins. These activities include telomerase catalyticactivity (the ability to extend a DNA primer that functions as atelomerase substrate by adding a partial, one, or more than one repeatof a sequence, e.g., TTAGGG, encoded by a template nucleic acid, e.g.,hTR), telomerase conventional reverse transcriptase activity (see Morin,1997, supra, and Spence et al., 1995, Science 267-988; nucleolyticactivity (see Morin, 1997, supra; Collins and Grieder, 1993, Genes andDevelopment 7; 1364; Joyce and Steitz, 1987, Trends Biochem. Sci.12:288); primer (telomere) binding activity (see, Morin, 1997, supra;Collins et al., 1995, Cell 84:677; Harrington et al., 1995, J. Biol,Chem. 270:8893; dNTP binding activity (Morin, 1997, supra; Spence etal., supra); and RNA (e.g., hTRT) binding activity (see Morin, 1997,supra; Harrington et al., 1997, Science 275:973; Collins et. al., 1995.Cell 81:677).

In one embodiment of the invention, the hTRT variant has telomerasecatalytic activity. Telomerase catalytic activity may be processive ornonprocessive. Processive telomerase catalytic activity occurs when atelomerase RNP adds multiple repeats to a primer or telomerase before,the DNA is released by the enzyme complex (see, e.g., Morin, 1989, Cell59:521 and Morin, 1997, Eur. J. Cancer 33:750). Nonprocessive activityoccurs when telomerase adds a partial, or only one, repeat to a primerand is then released (see Morin, 1997, supra). In a particularembodiment of the invention, the hTRT variant has processive telomerasecatalytic activity.

Processive telomerase catalytic activity can be assayed by a variety ofmethods, including the “conventional assay” (Morin, 1989, Cell 59:521),the TRAP assay (U.S. Pat. No. 5,629,154; see also, PCT publication WO97/15687, PCT publication WO 95/13381; Krupp et al. Nucleic Acids Res.,1997, 25: 919; Wright et al., 1995, Nucl. Acids Res. 23; 3794), the “dotblot immunoassay” (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/833,377), andother assays (e.g., Tatematsu et al., 1996, Oncogene 13:2265). TheTRAPeze™ Kit (Oncor, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) may be used. Thetelomerase substrate used in these assays may have a natural telomeresequence, or may be have a synthetic oligonucleotide with a differentsequence (see, e.g., Morin, 1989, Cell 59:521; Morin, 1991, Nature353:454-56).

As used herein, an hTRT variant is considered to have a specifiedactivity if the activity is exhibited by either the hTRT variantpolypeptide without an associated hTR RNA or in an hTRT-hTR complex.Each of the hTRT activities described supra is also described in detailin U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178.

II. hTRT Variants Described

a) hTRT Variants with Telomerase Catalytic Activity

It has now been demonstrated that large regions of the hTRT protein canbe mutated (e.g., deleted) without loss of telomerase catalyticactivity. Sites of mutation (e.g., deletion) are described herein withreference to the amino acid sequence provided in FIG. 1 and encoded inplasmid pGRN121 (ATCC accession number 209016); however it will berecognized that the same or equivalent mutations may be made in otherhTRT polypeptides, e.g., naturally occurring variants such aspolymorphic variants, hTRT fusion proteins, hTRT homologs (e.g., fromnon-human species), and the like. For ease of discussion, the residuesof the full-length hTRT protein having a sequence as provided in FIG. 1are referred to herein by number, with the amino-terminal methionine (M)in FIG. 1 numbered “1”, and the carboxy-terminal aspartic acid (D)numbered “1132”.

Regions of the hTRT protein that can be mutated (e.g., deleted) withoutabolishing telomerase catalytic activity include the regions from aminoacid residues 192 to 323 (inclusive) and residues 415 to 450(inclusive). As is demonstrated in the experiments described infra, allor part of either of these regions, or all or part of both of them, canbe deleted without abolishing the telomerase catalytic activity of theprotein. The regions from amino acid residues 192 to 323 and residues415 to 450 may be referred to as “nonessential” regions of hTRT (i.e.,not essential for telomerase catalytic activity). Thus, in variousembodiments, the hTRT variants of the invention comprise deletions of,or other mutations in, these nonessential regions of hTRT. As describedin Section IV, infra, certain mutations (e.g., deletion of residues415-450) alter RNA-binding characteristics of the hTRT variant.

Examples of mutations that can be made in the hTRT polypeptides of theinvention include deletions, insertions, substitutions, and combinationof mutations. Thus, in some embodiments the mutation is a deletion of atleast one, typically at least about 10, and often at least about 25, atleast about 50, or at least about 100 amino acid residues relative to anaturally occurring hTRT. In alternative embodiments, the mutation is asingle amino acid substitution in a “non-essential” region, or acombinations of substitutions. Substitutions may be conservativesubstitutions or non-conservative substitutions. In still otherembodiments, the mutation is an insertion or substitution of aminoacids, for example the insertion of residues that encode an epitope tagor novel proteolytic site. Substitutions may be of one or more (e.g.,all) of the residues in the above-mentioned regions or may be combinedwith deletions so that, e.g., a shorter heterologous sequence is asubstituted for a longer hTRT sequence. It will be appreciated, as notedsupra, that in some embodiments the hTRT variant has more than onedifferent type of mutation relative to a naturally occurring hTRTprotein (e.g., a deletion and a point mutation).

The hTRT variants of the invention have certain advantages compared tonaturally occurring hTRT proteins. In some embodiments, mutations mayconfer more efficient in vitro expression of active hTRT (e.g., inexpression systems in which shorter polypeptides are more efficientlyexpressed than longer polypeptides), may provide sequences that aid inpurification (e.g., an epitope tag sequence), or may add a newfunctional moiety to the hTRT polypeptide (e.g., a 3′→5′ exonucleasedomain from DNA polymerase I).

As noted supra, the hTRT variant polypeptides of the inventioncomprising mutations (e.g., deletions) in the “non-essential” regions ofthe hTRT retain telomerase catalytic activity. These variants, andpolynucleotides that encode them, are useful in any application forwhich other catalytically active hTRT proteins (e.g., wild-type hTRTproteins) or polynucleotides may be used, including, inter alia, intherapeutic, diagnostic, and screening uses. Exemplary uses of hTRTpolypeptides and polynucleotides are described in additional detail inthe afore-cited U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178.

In one embodiment, the hTRT variant of the invention is used to increasethe proliferative capacity of a cell by, e.g., increasing telomeraseactivity in the cell (see, Bodnar et al. supra, and U.S. Pat. Nos.6,475,789 and 6,166,178 for a detailed description of exemplarymethods). Briefly, in one embodiment, a polynucleotide comprising (i) asequence encoding the hTRT variant polypeptide; (ii) an operably linkedpromoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter); and, (iii) optionallypolyadenylation and termination signals, enhancers, or other regulatoryelements, is introduced into a target cell (e.g., by transfection,lipofection, electroporation, or any other suitable method) underconditions in which the hTRT variant polypeptide is expressed. Theexpression in the cell of the catalytically active hTRT variant of theinvention results in increased proliferative capacity (e.g., an immortalphenotype).

In another embodiment, the hTRT variant is used for in vitroreconstitution (IVR) of a telomerase ribonucleoprotein (e.g., comprisingthe hTRT variant polypeptide and a template RNA, e.g., hTR) that hastelomerase catalytic activity. In vitro reconstitution methods aredescribed in, e.g., Weinrich et al., 1997, Nat Genet. 17:498, and U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178. Briefly, in one embodiment, anexpression vector encoding an hTRT variant of the invention is expressedin an in vitro expression system (e.g., a coupledtranscription-translation reticulocyte lysate system such as thatdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,637). In a particular embodiment, thehTRT variant polypeptide is coexpressed with hTR. In an alternativeembodiment, the hTRT variant and hTR are separately expressed and thencombined (mixed) in vitro. In the latter method, the hTR RNA and/or hTRTpolypeptide may be purified before mixing. In this context, the hTRTpolypeptide is “purified” when it is separated from at least one othercomponent of the in vitro expression system, and it may be purified tohomogeneity as determined by standard methods (e.g., SDS-PAGE). The invitro reconstituted (IVR) telomerase has a variety of uses; inparticular it is useful for identifying agents that modulate hTRTactivity (e.g., drug screening assays).

(b) Deletion Variants Lacking Telomerase Catalytic Activity

In another aspect, the invention provides hTRT deletion variants thatlack telomerase catalytic activity (i.e., having less than 1% of thewild type activity), as well as polynucleotides encoding the variantslacking telomerase catalytic activity. In particular, the inventionprovides variants comprising one or more of the following deletionsrelative to wild-type hTRT: residues 192-450, 637-660, 638-660, 748-766,748-764, and 1055-1071. These variants are referred to herein as “PCA⁻variants” (processive telomerase catalytic activity minus variants).

The PCA⁻ variant proteins and polynucleotides of the invention lackingtelomerase catalytic activity are used in, inter alia, therapeutic,screening and other applications. For example, PCA⁻ variants are usefulas dominant negative mutants for inhibition of telomerase activity in acell. In one embodiment, a PCA⁻ variant is introduced into a cell (e.g.,by transfection with a polynucleotide expression vector expressing thePCA⁻ variant), resulting in sequestration of a cell component (e.g.,hTR) required for accurate telomere elongation. Thus, for example,administration of a polypeptide that binds hTR, a DNA primer, atelomerase-associated protein, or other cell component, but which doesnot have telomerase catalytic activity, is used to reduce endogenoustelomerase activity in the cell or to otherwise interfere with telomereextension (e.g., by displacing active telomerase from telomeric DNA).Similarly, in certain embodiments, a PCA⁻ variant of the inventionhaving one or several hTRT activities (i.e., other than processivetelomerase catalytic activity) is used for screening for agents thatspecifically modulate (inhibit or activate) a telomerase activity otherthan telomerase catalytic activity. The use of hTRT variants as dominantnegative mutants, and in other applications, is described in detail inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178.

III. Making hTRT Variants

The hTRT variant polypeptides and polynucleotides of the invention maybe produced using any of a variety of techniques known in the art. Inone embodiment, a polypeptide having the desired sequence, or apolynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, is chemically synthesized (see,e.g., Roberge, et al., 1995, Science 269:202; Brown et al., 1979, Meth.Enzymol. 68:109). More often, the hTRT variant polypeptides andpolynucleotides of the invention are created by manipulation of arecombinant polynucleotide encoding an hTRT polypeptide. Examples ofsuitable recombinant polynucleotides include pGRN121, supra, and otherhTRT cDNA and genomic sequences.

Methods for cloning and manipulation of hTRT encoding nucleic acids(e.g., site-specific mutagenesis, linker scanning mutagenesis, and thelike) are well known in the art and are described, for example, inSambrook et al., 1989, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2ND ED.,VOLS. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and Ausubel et al., 1997,CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing andWiley-Interscience, New York. One convenient method for producing apolynucleotide encoding a desired hTRT deletion variant is byrestriction digestion and subsequent ligation of a hTRT polynucleotide,to remove a region(s) of the polynucleotide encoding the amino acidresidues to be deleted. If desired, restriction sites can be introducedor removed from a synthetic or naturally occurring hTRT gene tofacilitate the production and detection of variants.

Typically, the recombinant polynucleotide encoding an hTRT variant ofthe invention is linked to appropriate regulatory elements (e.g.,promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, and the like) andexpressed in a cell free system (see, e.g., Weinrich et al., supra), inbacteria (e.g., E. coli), in ex vivo animal cell culture (see, e.g.,Bodnar et al., supra), in animals or plants (e.g., transgenic organismsor in gene therapy applications), or by any other suitable method.Suitable expression systems are well known in the art and include thosedescribed in Weinrich et al., and Bodnar et al., both supra, and in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,475,789 and 6,166,178.

Additional hTRT variants of the invention may be made using “DNAshuffling” in vitro recombination technology (see, e.g., Crameri et al.,1998, Nature 391:288-291; Patten et al., 1997, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.8:724-733, Stemmer, 1994, Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al., 1996,Nature Medicine, 2:1-3; Crameri et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology14:315-319; WO 95/22625; Stemmer, 1995, Science 270:1510; Stemmer etal., 1995, Gene, 164, 49-53; Stemmer, 1995, Bio/Technology, 13:549-553;Stemmer, 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751). The specificdeletion variants described supra, “wild-type hTRT” and non-humanhTRT-homologs may be used in individually or various combinations asstarting substrates to produce novel polypeptides with the desiredactivity. The activity or activities of the resulting polypeptidesdetermined using the assays described in Section I, supra.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,178 refers to methods, reagents, vectors, and cellsuseful for expression of hTRT polypeptides and nucleic acids. In oneembodiment, expression of the hTRT protein, or fragment thereof,comprises inserting the coding sequence into an appropriate expressionvector (i.e., a vector that contains the necessary elements for thetranscription and translation of the inserted coding sequence requiredfor the expression system employed). For mammalian host cells,viral-based and nonviral expression systems are provided. Nonviralvectors and systems include plasmids and episomal vectors. Useful viralvectors include vectors based on retroviruses, adenoviruses,adenoassociated viruses, herpes viruses, vectors based on SV40,papilloma virus, HBP Epstein Barr virus, vaccinia virus vectors andSemliki Forest virus (SFV).

For the production of anti-hTRT antibodies, hosts such as goats, sheep,cows, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, or mice, may be immunized by injectionwith hTRT protein or any portion, fragment, or oligopeptide thereof thatretains immunogenic properties. In selecting hTRT polypeptides forantibody induction, one need not retain biological activity; however,the protein fragment, or oligopeptide must be immunogenic.Immunogenicity can be determined by injecting a polypeptide and adjuvantinto an animal (e.g., a rabbit) and assaying for the appearance ofantibodies directed against the injected polypeptide (Harlow and Lane,Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NewYork, 1988).

Peptides used to induce specific antibodies typically have an amino acidsequence consisting of at least five amino acids, preferably at least 8amino acids, more preferably at least 10 amino acids. Usually they willmimic or have substantial sequence identity to all or a contiguousportion of the amino acid sequence of the protein of SEQ ID NO:2.Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be used to increaseimmunological response. Immunogenic peptides or polypeptides having anhTRT sequence can be used to elicit an anti-hTRT immune response in apatient (i.e., act as a vaccine). An immune response can also be raisedby delivery of plasmid vectors encoding the polypeptide of interest.Further details on techniques for formulation and administration may befound in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Maack Publishing CO., Easton Pa.

IV. Exemplary hTRT Variants a) Generally

Exemplary hTRT variants were created by in vitro mutagenesis ofpolynucleotides encoding a full-length hTRT protein using the method ofPerez et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem. 269:22485-87. The mutantpolynucleotides were expressed in vitro and telomerase reconstituted byin vitro mixing of hTRT and human telomerase RNA as described inWeinrich et al., 1997, supra. Reconstitution reactions were carried outusing 0.5 pmole, 20 pmole, and, in some cases, other amounts of addedhTR. Telomerase processive catalytic activity was assayed using amodified TRAP assay (Weinrich et al., 1997, supra). The results aresummarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Deletion Name Oligo Amino acids deleted Activity¹ pGRN234 RT1 +RT2 none (delete NcoI site) + pGRN226 RT3A 192-323 + RT3 RT3 200-326 +pGRN237 RT4A 192-271 + RT4 RT4 200-271 + pGRN210 LM122-Nuc 222-240 +pGRN235 RT5 415-450 + pGRN242 RT3A + RT5 192-326 + 415-450 + pGRN243RT4A + RT5 192-271 + 415-450 + pGRN240 RT3A/5 192-450 − pGRN238 RT6A637-660 − RT6 RT 6 638-660 − pGRN239 RT8A 748-766 − RT8 RT8 748-764 −pGRN241 RT10 1055-1071 − pGRN236 RT11 1084-1116 − pGRN209 LM121-WG930-934 − pGRN231 560-565 − “+” = at least 40% activity compared to invitro reconsitution using wild-type hTRT (e.g., encoded by pGRN125; seeWeinrich et al., 1997, supra) “−” = less than 1% activity.

Certain of the hTRT variants described supra are altered in theirability to bind hTR. The variants encoded by pGRN235, pGRN242 andpGRN243 exhibited telomerase activity when 20 pmoles hTR (template RNA)was included in the reconstitution reaction, but showed a low orundetectable level of activity when 0.5 pmoles of hTR was used. Thevariable activity of these variants indicates that these variants havealtered (e.g., decreased) hTR binding activity, Thus, the region from415 to 450 is likely involved in RNA binding (e.g., by affecting theconformation of the protein).

This result suggests that the region immediately upstream of residue415, corresponding to the conserved “CP” domain (Bryan et al., 1998,Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 95:8479-8484) is a region of contact between thehTRT protein and hTR (e.g., corresponding to about residues 405 to 418as set forth in FIG. 1). This conclusion is supported by the relativelack of conservation of sequence when human and mouse TRT sequences arecompared in the region corresponding to hTRT residues 415-450.

hTR binding to hTRT was also affected by mutations and deletions in theregion 580-505. RNA binding was assayed by adding purified hTR toepitope tagged TRT proteins (i.e., including a FLAG sequence; ImmunexCorp, Seattle Wash.). The hTR and protein were incubated underconditions under which tagged “wild-type” hTRT associates with templateRNA (hTR), and the hTRT protein or hTRT-hTR complex (if present) wereimmunoprecipitated. The precipitated complex was assayed for thepresence and amount of associated RNA. Deletion of residues 560-565dramatically decreased the binding of hTR by hTRT, with the concurrentexpected decrease in telomerase activity (see Table 1, pGRN231).Mutation of phenylalanine (F) to alanine (A) mutation at position 561 ofhTRT (the “F561A” variant; see. Weinrich et al., 1997, supra) resultedin reduced binding of hTR: this variant did not effectively bind hTR inassociation reactions when hTR was present at 0.5 pmoles, and showedless-than wild-type binding at 20 pmoles hTR. Mutation of tyrosine at562 to alanine similarly resulted in a loss of hTR binding activity(e.g., about a 70-80% reduction compared to the wild-type sequence).Mutation of threonine at position 564 to alanine resulted in a decreasein RNA binding by approximately 20% compared to wild-type. In contrast,mutation of residues 560 (F) and 565 (E) to alanine did not affect hTRbinding. These results indicate that the region from 560-565 is involvedin RNA binding, e.g., by providing residues that contact hTR.

As will be apparent to one of skill advised of these results, thetelomerase reconstitution may be inhibited using peptides comprising thesequence corresponding the hTRT residues 405-418, 560-565, or fragmentsthereof, or peptide mimetics of such sequences. Thus, in one embodimentof the present invention, telomerase activity in a cell or an in vitrocomposition in which TRT protein and TR RNA are present, such as atelomerase reconstitution assay, is reduced by introducing to the cellor in vitro composition a polypeptide comprising the sequence FFYVTE(SEQ ID NO:3), a polypeptide comprising the sequence YGVLLKTHCPLRAA (SEQID NO:4), a polypeptide consisting essentially of FFYVTE (SEQ ID NO:3),a polypeptide consisting essentially of FYVT (SEQ ID NO:5), apolypeptide consisting essentially of YGVLLKTHCPLRAA (SEQ ID NO:4), afragment of at least three residues of the aforementioned polypeptides,or a peptide analog or mimetic of the polypeptide of any of theaforementioned compositions.

Peptide mimetics (or peptide analogs) are well known and are commonlyused in the pharmaceutical industry as non-peptide drugs with propertiesanalogous to those of the template polypeptide (Fauchere, 1986, Adv.Drug Res. 15:29; Veber et al., 1985, TINS p. 392; and Evans et al.,1987, J. Med. Chem. 30:1229). Generally, peptidomimetics arestructurally similar to the paradigm polypeptide having the sequencefrom hTRT but have one or more peptide linkages optionally replaced by alinkage selected from the group consisting of: —CH₂NH—, —CH₂S—,—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH′CH— (cis and trans), —COCH₂—, —CH(OH)CH₂—, and —CH₂SO—.

Peptide mimetics may have significant advantages over polypeptideembodiments of this invention, including, for example: more economicalproduction, greater chemical stability, enhanced pharmacologicalproperties (half-life, absorption, potency, efficacy, etc.), alteredspecificity (e.g., a broad-spectrum of biological activities), reducedantigenicity, and others. In addition to modifications to the peptidebackbone, synthetic or non-naturally occurring amino acids can also beused to substitute for the amino acids present in the polypeptide or inthe functional moiety of fusion proteins. Synthetic or non-naturallyoccurring amino acids refer to amino acids which do not naturally occurin vivo but which, nevertheless, can be incorporated into the peptidestructures described herein. Preferred synthetic amino acids are thed-α-amino acids of naturally occurring l-α-amino acid, mentioned above,as well as non-naturally occurring d- and l-α-amino acids represented bythe formula H2NCHR5COOH where R5 is 1) a lower alkyl group, 2) acycloalkyl group of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, 3) a heterocycle of from 3to 7 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from the groupconsisting of oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, 4) an aromatic residue offrom 6 to 10 carbon atoms optionally having from 1 to 3 substituents onthe aromatic nucleus selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl,lower alkoxy, amino, and carboxyl, 5) -alkylene-Y where alkylene is analkylene group of from 1 to 7 carbon atoms and Y is selected from thegroup consisting of (a) hydroxy, (b) amino, (c) cycloalkyl andcycloalkenyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, (d) aryl of from 6 to 10carbon atoms optionally having from 1 to 3 substituents on the aromaticnucleus selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, lower alkoxy,amino and carboxyl, (e) heterocyclic of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms and 1to 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur,and nitrogen, (f) —C(O)R2 where R2 is selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, and —NR3R4 where R3 andR4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andlower alkyl, (g) —S(O)nR6 where n is an integer from 1 to 2 and R6 islower alkyl and with the proviso that R5 does not define a side chain ofa naturally occurring amino acid. Other preferred synthetic amino acidsinclude amino acids wherein the amino group is separated from thecarboxyl group by more than one carbon atom such as β-alanine,γ-aminobutyric acid, and the like.

It will also be recognized by those of skill upon reviewing theseresults that the compositions (e.g., polypeptides and mimetics)described supra can be used to identify telomerase association andactivity inhibitors other than the disclosed polypeptide and mimetics.These compositions may be used, for example, in rational drug design fore.g., computer modeling of telomerase activity modulators (e.g.,modulators that inhibit the association of TRT and TR or that catalyzethe disassociation of the telomerase complex), as positive controls inscreens for modulators of telomerase activity, or in competition assayswith candidate telomerase activity modulators.

b) Methods

Mutagenesis of the hTRT coding sequence of pGRN125 was carried out usingthe methods described by Perez et al., 1994, J. Biol. Chem.269:22485-87. Most of the deletion mutants were generated from theplasmid pGRN125 (Weinrich et al., 1997, supra). Deletion mutants pGRN235and pGRN236 were made in a secondary round of mutagenesis in an alteredpGRN234. pGRN234 was generated by mutating (deleting) the Nco I site inpGRN125 (changing CAC to CAT in the histidine residue at position 754)and introducing a new NcoI site at the translation start site (ATG).Table 2 shows exemplary oligonucleotides used to generate the plasmidsexpressing the deletion variants of the invention.

TABLE 2 Oligo SEQ ID Name Oligo sequence 5′-3′ length Description NO:RT1 GAAGGCCGCCCACGGGCAC 25 Mutagenesis oligo to delete 6 GTCCGCNco I site from pGRN125 RT2 CCCGGCCACCCCAGCCATGMutagenesis oligo to create 7 GCGCGCGCTCCCC Nco I site @ ATG of pGRN 125RT5 TACGGGGTGCTCCTCAAGA 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 8CGCACTGCCCGCTGCTCCG a deletion of as 415-450 in CCAGCACAGCAGCCCCTGGpGRN125 CAG RT10 TACTCCATCCTGAAAGCCA 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 9AGAACGCAGGGCTGTGCCA a deletion of aa 1055-1071 CCAAGCATTCCTGCTCAAGin pGRN125 CTG RT11 CTGTGCCACCAAGCATTCC 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create10 TGCTCAAGCTGGCCGCAGC a deletion of aa 1083-1116 CAACCCGGCACTGCCCTCAin pGRN125. Oligo creates a GAC NheI site. RT3A ACTCAGGCCCGGCCCCCGC 60Mutagenesis oligo to create 11 CACACGCTAGCGAGACCAAa deletion of aa 192-323 in GCACTTCCTCTACTCCTCA pGRN125. Oligo creates aGGC NheI site. RT4A ACTCAGGCCCGGCCCCCGC 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create12 CACACGCTAGCGTGGTGTC a deletion of aa 192-271 in ACCTGCCAGACCCGCCGAApGRN125. Oligo creates a GAA NheI site. RT6A ATCCCCAAGCCTGACGGGC 69Mutagenesis oligo to create 13 TGCGGCCGATTGTTAACATa deletion of aa 638-660 in GCTGTTCAGCGTGCTCAAC pGRN125. Oligo creates aTACGAGCGGGCG HpaI site. RT8A ACGTACTGCGTGCGTCGGT 63Mutagenesis oligo to create 14 ATGCCGTGGTCACAGATCTa deletion of aa 748-766 in CCAGCCGTACATGCGACAG pGRN125. Oligo creates aTTCGTG BgIII site. RT3A/5 ACTCAGGCCCGGCCCCCGC 60Mutagenesis oligo to create 15 CACACGCTAGCCTGCTCCGa deletion of aa 192-450 in CCAGCACAGCAGCCCCTGG pGRN125. Oligo creates aCAG NheI site. LM121- GTTCAGATGCCGGCCCACG 63 Mutagenesis oligo to delete16 WG GCCTATTCCCTCTAGATAC aa 930-934. Oligo introducesCCGGACCCTGGAGGTGCAG a new XbaI site AGCGAC LM122 CCCTGGGCCTGCCAGCCCC 50Mutagenesis oligo to delete 17 Nuc GGGTGCCGGCGCTGCCCCTaa 222-240. Oligo introduces GAGCCGGAGCGG a new Nae I site RT3GCTAGTGGACCCCGAAGGC 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 18GTCTGGGATGCGAGACCAA a deletion of aa200-323 in GCACTTCCTCTACTCCTCApGRN125 GGC RT4 GCTAGTGGACCCCGAAGGC 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 19GTCTGGGATGCGTGGTGTC a deletion of aa 200-271 in ACCTGCCAGACCCGCCGAApGRN125 GAA RT6 GACGGGCTGCGGCCGATTG 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 20TGAACATGGACCTGTTCAG a deletion of aa 638-660 in CGTGCTCAACTACGAGCGGpGRN125 GCG RT8 ACGTACTGCGTGCGTCGGT 60 Mutagenesis oligo to create 21ATGCCGTGGTCACCTTGAC a deletion of aa 748-764 in AGACCTCCAGCCGTACATGpGRN125 CGA

V. Definitions

The following terms are defined infra to provide additional guidance toone of skill in the practice of the invention:

When comparing regions between a first and second polypeptide, sequencescan be aligned by inspection (e.g., alignment of identical sequences) orby computer implemented alignment of the two sequences. Thus, forexample, the residues 192 to 323 of the hTRT polypeptide having thesequence set forth in FIG. 1 “correspond” to residues in the sameposition in a hTRT polypeptide that differs from the FIG. 1 sequence dueto polymorphic variation, or other mutations or deletions (e.g., whenthe two polypeptides are optimally aligned). Alignments may also becarried out using the GAP computer program, version 6.0 (Devereux et al,1984, Nucl. Acid. Res. 12:387; available from the University ofWisconsin Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.). The GAP programutilizes the alignment method of Needleham and Wunsch, 1970 J. Mol.Biol. 48; 443-453 as revised by Smith and Waterman, 1981, Adv. Appl.Math 2:482. The preferred default parameters for the GAP program include(1) the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess, 1986, Nucl.Acid. Res. 14:6745 as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., 1979,ATLAS OF PROTEIN SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE, National Biomedical ResearchFoundation, pp. 353-358 (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and anadditional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penaltyfor end gaps. Alternatively, alignments can be carried out using theBLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol.Biol. 215:403-410 using as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, the BLOSUM62scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 89:10915); alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, andN=−4. A modification of BLAST, the “Gapped BLAST” allows gaps to beintroduced into the alignments that are returned (Altschul et al., 1997,Nucleic Acids Res 1:3389-3402). Software for performing BLAST analysesis publicly available through the internet website of the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information.

As used herein, “stringent hybridization conditions” or “stringency”refers to conditions in a range from about 5° C. to about 20° C. or 25°C. below the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the target sequence and aprobe with exact or nearly exact complementarity to the target. As usedherein, the melting temperature is the temperature at which a populationof double-stranded nucleic acid molecules becomes half-dissociated intosingle strands. Methods for calculating the T_(m) of nucleic acids arewell known in the art (see, e.g., Berger and Kimmel (1987) Methods InEnzymology, Vol. 152: Guide To Molecular Cloning Techniques, San Diego:Academic Press, Inc. and Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: ALaboratory Manual, 2ND ED., VOLS. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratoryhereinafter, “Sambrook”, both incorporated herein by reference). Asindicated by standard references, a simple estimate of the T_(m) valuemay be calculated by the equation: T_(m)=81.5+0.41(% G+C), when anucleic acid is in aqueous solution at 1 M NaCl (see e.g., Anderson andYoung, Quantitative Filter Hybridization in Nucleic Acid Hybridization(1985)). Other references include more sophisticated computations whichtake structural as well as sequence characteristics into account for thecalculation of T_(m). The melting temperature of a hybrid (and thus theconditions for stringent hybridization) is affected by various factorssuch as the length and nature (DNA, RNA, base composition) of the probeand nature of the target (DNA, RNA, base composition, present insolution or immobilized, and the like), and the concentration of saltsand other components (e.g., the presence or absence of formamide,dextran sulfate, polyethylene glycol). The effects of these factors arewell known and are discussed in standard references in the art, e.g.,Sambrook, supra and Ausubel et al. supra. Typically, stringenthybridization conditions are salt concentrations less than about 1.0 Msodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion at pH 7.0 to 8.3,and temperatures at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greaterthan 50 nucleotides). As noted, stringent conditions may also beachieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide, inwhich case lower temperatures may be employed.

As used herein, the term “substantial identity,” “substantial sequenceidentity,” or “substantial similarity” in the context of nucleic acids,refers to a measure of sequence similarity between two polynucleotides.Substantial sequence identity can be determined by hybridization understringent conditions, by direct comparison, or other means. For example,two polynucleotides can be identified as having substantial sequenceidentity if they are capable of specifically hybridizing to each otherunder stringent hybridization conditions. Other degrees of sequenceidentity (e.g., less than “substantial”) can be characterized byhybridization under different conditions of stringency. Alternatively,substantial sequence identity can be described as a percentage identitybetween two nucleotide (or polypeptide) sequences. Two sequences areconsidered substantially identical when they are at least about 60%identical, preferably at least about 70% identical, or at least about80% identical, or at least about 90% identical, or at least about 95% or98% to 100% identical. Percentage sequence (nucleotide or amino acid)identity is typically calculated by determining the optimal alignmentbetween two sequences and comparing the two sequences. For example anexogenous transcript used for protein expression can be described ashaving a certain percentage of identity or similarity compared to areference sequence (e.g., the corresponding endogenous sequence).Optimal alignment of sequences may be conducted using the local homologyalgorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, by thehomology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol.Biol. 48: 443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 2444, by computerizedimplementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA inthe Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by inspection. The best alignment (i.e.,resulting in the highest percentage of identity) generated by thevarious methods is selected. Typically these algorithms compare the twosequences over a “comparison window” (usually at least 18 nucleotides inlength) to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity,thus allowing for small additions or deletions (i.e., gaps). Additionsand deletions are typically 20 percent or less of the length of thesequence relative to the reference sequence, which does not compriseadditions or deletions. It is sometimes desirable to describe sequenceidentity between two sequences in reference to a particular length orregion (e.g., two sequences may be described as having at least 95%identity over a length of at least 500 basepairs). Usually the lengthwill be at least about 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 basepairs, aminoacids, or other residues. The percentage of sequence identity iscalculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the regionof comparison, determining the number of positions at which theidentical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, or U) occurs in bothsequences to yield the number of matched positions, and determining thenumber (or percentage) of matched positions as compared to the totalnumber of bases in the reference sequence or region of comparison.

When referring to an “activity” of an hTRT variant, a variant isconsidered to be active in an assay of it displays at least 40% of theactivity characteristic of the hTRT polypeptide having the sequence setforth in FIG. 1 (“wild type”). A variant is considered to lack activitywhen it has less that 1% of the “wild type” activity. A variant withgreater than 1% activity and less than 40% activity has “intermediateactivity.”

As used herein, “conservative substitution,” refers to substitution ofamino acids with other amino acids having similar properties (e.g.,acidic, basic, positively or negatively charged, polar or non-polar).The following six groups each contain amino acids that are conservativesubstitutions for one another: 1) alanine (A), serine (S), threonine(T); 2) aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E); 3) asparagine (N),glutamine (Q); 4) arginine (R), lysine (K); 5) isoleucine (I), leucine(L), methionine (M), valine (V); and 6) phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y),tryptophan (W) (see also, Creighton, 1984, PROTEINS, W. H. Freeman andCompany).

All publications and patent documents cited in this application areincorporated by reference in their entirety and for all purposes to thesame extent as if each individual publication or patent document were soindividually denoted.

What is claimed as the invention is:
 1. A nucleic acid that hybridizesto a sequence complementary to SEQ ID NO:1 at 5° C. to 25° C. belowT_(m) in aqueous solution at 1 M NaCl, wherein T_(m) is the meltingtemperature of double-stranded DNA having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1under the same reaction conditions; wherein said nucleic acid encodes atleast 500 consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, except for one or moredeletions that include: a) residues 560-565, b) residues 930-934, c) atleast 10 consecutive amino acids from residues 323-450, d) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 637-660, e) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 748-766, f) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 1055-1071, or g) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 1084-1116.
 2. A nucleic acidencoding a polypeptide that consists essentially of at least 500consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2, except that it contains one ormore deletions that include: a) residues 560-565, b) residues 930-934,c) at least 10 consecutive amino acids from residues 323-450, d) atleast 10 consecutive amino acids from residues 637-660, e) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 748-766, f) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 1055-1071, or g) at least 10consecutive amino acids from residues 1084-1116.
 3. A nucleic acidencoding a polypeptide that consists essentially of full-length hTRT(SEQ ID NO:2), except for one or more deletions(s) that include: a)residues 560-565, b) residues 930-934, c) at least 10 consecutive aminoacids from residues 323-450, d) at least 10 consecutive amino acids fromresidues 637-660, e) at least 10 consecutive amino acids from residues748-766, f) at least 10 consecutive amino acids from residues 1055-1071,or g) at least 10 consecutive amino acids from residues 1084-1116. 4.The nucleic acid of claim 2, having one or more deletions consistingessentially of residues 560-565, 930-934, 323-450, 637-660, 748-766,1055-1071, or 1084-1116 of SEQ ID NO:2.
 5. The nucleic acid of claim 1,which inhibits telomerase catalytic activity when expressed in a cellexpressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTRT) and humantelomerase RNA component.
 6. The nucleic acid of claim 1, encoding apolypeptide that lacks telomerase catalytic activity, but elicits anantibody response against hTRT when used to immunize a rabbit or mouse.7. The nucleic acid of claim 1, encoding a polypeptide that binds humantelomerase RNA component but lacks processive telomerase activity. 8.The nucleic acid of claim 1, encoding a polypeptide that binds humantelomeres but lacks processive telomerase activity.
 9. A nucleic acidaccording to claim 1, which is an expression vector.
 10. A nucleic acidaccording to claim 1, which is an adenovirus expression vector.
 11. Amethod of inhibiting telomerase catalytic activity in a cell, comprisingexpressing in the cell a nucleic acid according to claim
 5. 12. A methodof eliciting an immune response against hTRT in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject a nucleic acid according to claim
 6. 13.The nucleic acid of claim 3, which inhibits telomerase catalyticactivity when expressed in a cell expressing human telomerase reversetranscriptase (hTRT) and human telomerase RNA component.
 14. The nucleicacid of claim 3, encoding a polypeptide that lacks telomerase catalyticactivity, but elicits an antibody response against hTRT when used toimmunize a rabbit or mouse.
 15. A method of inhibiting telomerasecatalytic activity in a cell, comprising expressing in the cell anucleic acid according to claim
 13. 16. A method of eliciting an immuneresponse against hTRT in a subject comprising administering to thesubject a nucleic acid according to claim 14.